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AN63 - Simply Managing Dead Time Errors in Gamma Ray Spectrometry 
Provides simple processes for overcoming the systematic and random errors caused by dead time in a gamma-ray spectrometer. The applicability of the livetime clock for sources generating essentially constant counting rate, and the Zero Dead Time (ZDT) scheme for sources with changing counting rates are explained. The statistical error to be reported in the measured counting rate is defined in both circumstances. The explanations are related to ORTEC gamma-ray spectrometers. But, with minor adjustments, they can be adapted to energy spectrometers for x rays, alpha particles and beta particles, or spectrometers from other manufacturers.

AN62 - Suppressing Noise in Time of Flight Mass Spectrometers with FastFlight Digital Signal Averager 

AN61 - How Counting Statistics and the ADC Sampling Interval Control Mass Accuracy in Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

AN59 - How Counting Statistics Controls Detection Limits and Peak Precision

AN58 - How Histogramming and Counting Statistics Affect Peak Position Precision

AN57 - Dealing with Dead Time Distortion in a Time Digitizer
This study examines the dead time distortions inherent with time digitizers applied to high event rates. It includes a practical scheme for making dead time corrections to the time spectrum after the spectrum has been acquired. The principles are elucidated by the typical application in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MS).

AN56 - Loss Free Counting with Uncertainty Analysis Using Innovative Zero Dead Time Technique
The ORTEC loss free counting method with estimation of the uncertainty associated with the collected data is accurate for rapidly changing count rate applications.

AN55 - Automated Laboratory Quality Assurance Program Using GammaVision-32 Software

AN54 - Triggering MALDI Time of Flight Mass Spectrometers with the FastFlight Digital Signal Averager
Although the FASTFLIGHT Digital Signal Averager is optimized for handling the ultra-high data rates encountered when an Electrospray Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer analyzes the output of a chromatograph, FASTFLIGHT can also enable higher data acquisition rates with most modern MALDI Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers.

AN53 - Diving Deep into Single Ion Counting with FastFlight Digital Signal Averager
According to common knowledge in time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the correlated noise in a digital signal averager sets the detection limits for peaks exhibiting exceptionally low ion rates. Normally, that would cause one to choose a time digitizer to optimize detection limits at low ion rates. However, a trivial adjustment of the Vertical Offset allows FASTFLIGHT to duplicate the detection limits of a time digitizer at low ion rates.

AN52 - Pico-Second Time Analyzer Applications in Lidar, Dial, Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, Fluorescence/Phosphorescence Lifetime Spectrometry, and Pulse or Signal-Jitter Analysis
AN52 explains the concepts of Multiple-Stop Time Spectrometry and the capabilities of the ORTEC Picosecond Time Analyzer (Model 9308) for the above applications. Techniques are described that measure ns to µs time periods to a precision of 1.22 picoseconds and digital resolution of 65,000 to 1.

AN51 - Pulse Processing Electronics for Single Photon Counting (from 10 to 107 Counts/s) 
Counting Single-photon counting is a powerful measurement tool for quantitative measurements with low-intensity light sources. It provides excellent linearity and precision over a dynamic range of 100,000:1. This application note describes the instrumentation and methods for suitable single-photon counting with both steady-state and time-variant light sources. Simple explanations of how the systems work are provided along with a summary of the precision available under extreme operating conditions. Examples are provided for DIAL, LIDAR, Raman Spectroscopy, and Phosphorescence Decay applications.

AN50 - Instrumentation for Fluorescence Lifetime Spectrometry
This application note explains the basic principles of Fluorescence Lifetime Spectrometry and describes the electronic instrumentation needed to construct a system with picosecond time resolution. Guidelines are provided for adjusting the key operating parameters. A list of recommended instrumentation is included.

AN42 - Principles and Applications of Timing Spectroscopy

AN40 - Heavy Ion Spectroscopy with Silicon Surface Barrier Detectors

AN34 - Experiments in Nuclear Science
Introduction to Theory and Basic Applications: Methods and Electronics for detection of Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-Ray, and Neutron Radiation.
The experiments outlined in this laboratory manual are the result of many years of developing and refining experiments in nuclear science for the undergraduate laboratory.  It is recommended that each laboratory course manager select the appropriate experiments, and modify them to suit the specific needs and equipment in the intended program. 

Establishing an ISO-CART Measurment Station to Meet Govermental Burial Regulations for Radioactive Material

Whys and Wherefores of Measuring Drum Activity with ISO-CART and the Program Isotopic
Decommissioning, decontamination, and normal processing of nuclear waste generates quantities of radioactive material in the form of many different matrices stored in many different sized containers. These containers must be measured to assay their radioactive content before moving, shipping offsite, burying, or placing in a storage area. Within their wide range of spectroscopy systems and products, ORTEC offers two products of great utility in this area, which specifically provide simple and cost-effective solutions to these gamma-ray measurement problems.

Sample Preparation for Low Level Alpha Spectrometry - Air, Filters, Water and Soil 

Guidelines for Low Level Gamma Spectrometry - Air, Filters, Water and Soil

GammaVision-32 V5.2 How To Guide: Make Gamma Ray Measurements Today 
GammaVision is an integrated gamma-spectroscopy data acquisition and spectral analysis software program that operates with the ease of the Windows-based operating system environment. This How-To Guide highlights the simple, straightforward GammaVision approach and takes the user through the basic steps for making gamma-ray measurements using GammaVision -- Today!

Best Choice of High Purity Germanium (HPGe) Detector 
The choice of the best HPGe detector for your particular measurement situation is based on a few simple rules. The rules are given and are based on some basic concepts about how the detection process works, how gamma rays penetrate materials, and the principles of gamma-ray spectroscopy
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